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INTRODUCTION: First responders and other public safety personnel (PSP; e.g. correctional workers, firefighters, paramedics, police, public safety communicators) are often exposed to events that have the potential to be psychologically traumatizing. Such exposures may contribute to poor mental health outcomes and a greater need to seek mental health care. However, a theoretically driven, structured qualitative study of barriers and facilitators of help-seeking behaviours has not yet been undertaken in this population. This study used the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to identify and better understand critical barriers and facilitators of help-seeking and accessing mental health care for a planned First Responder Operational Stress Injury (OSI) clinic. METHODS: We conducted face-to-face, one-on-one semistructured interviews with 24 first responders (11 firefighters, five paramedics, and eight police officers), recruited using purposive and snowball sampling. Interviews were analyzed using deductive content analysis. The TDF guided study design, interview content, data collection, and analysis. RESULTS: The most reported barriers included concerns regarding confidentiality, lack of trust, cultural competency of clinicians, lack of clarity about the availability and accessibility of services, and stigma within first responder organizations. Key themes influencing help-seeking were classified into six of the TDF's 14 theoretical domains: environmental context and resources; knowledge; social influences; social/professional role and identity; emotion; and beliefs about consequences. CONCLUSION: The results identified key actions that can be utilized to tailor interventions to encourage attendance at a First Responder OSI Clinic. Such approaches include providing transparency around confidentiality, policies to ensure greater cultural competency in all clinic staff, and clear descriptions of how to access care; routinely involving families; and addressing stigma.
Subject(s)
Emergency Responders , Police , Humans , Mental Health , Paramedics , Emergency Responders/psychology , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Adults living in long-term care (LTC) are at increased risk of harm when transferred to the emergency department (ED), and programs targeting treatment on-site are increasing. We examined characteristics, clinical course, and disposition of LTC patients transported to the ED to examine the potential impact of alternative models of paramedic care for LTC patients. METHODS: We conducted a health records review of paramedic and ED records between April 1, 2016, and March 31, 2017. We included emergency calls originating from LTC centers and patients transported to either ED campus of The Ottawa Hospital. We excluded scheduled or deferrable transfers, and patients with Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale of 1. We categorized patients into groups based on care they received in the ED. We calculated standardized differences to examine differences between groups. RESULTS: We identified four groups: (1) patients requiring no treatment or diagnostics in the ED (7.9%); (2) patients receiving ED treatment within current paramedic directives and no diagnostics (3.2%); (3) patients requiring diagnostics or ED care outside current paramedic directives (54.9%); and (4) patients requiring admission (34.1%). CONCLUSION: This study found 7.9% of LTC patients transported to the ED did not receive diagnostics, medications, or treatment, and overall 11.1% of patients could have been treated by paramedics within current medical directives using 'treat-and-refer' pathways. This group could potentially expand utilizing community paramedics with expanded scopes of practice.
RéSUMé: INTRODUCTION: Les adultes qui vivent dans des établissements de soins de longue durée (SLD) courent un risque accru de subir des préjudices lorsqu'ils sont transférés à l'urgence (SU), et les programmes ciblant le traitement sur place augmentent. Nous avons examiné les caractéristiques, l'évolution clinique et la disposition des patients en SLD transportés à l'urgence afin d'examiner l'impact potentiel des modèles alternatifs de soins paramédicaux pour les patients en SLD. MéTHODES: Nous avons effectué un examen des dossiers médicaux des paramédics et des SU entre le 1er avril 2016 et le 31 mars 2017. Nous avons inclus les appels d'urgence provenant des centres de soins de longue durée et les patients transportés à l'un ou l'autre des campus de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa. Nous avons exclu les transferts planifiés ou reportables et les patients ayant un score d'acuité au triage canadien de 1. Nous avons catégorisé les patients en groupes en fonction des soins reçus à l'urgence. Nous avons calculé des différences normalisées pour examiner les différences entre les groupes. RéSULTATS: Nous avons identifié 4 groupes : 1) les patients qui n'ont pas besoin de traitement ou de diagnostic à l'urgence (7,9 %); 2) les patients qui reçoivent un traitement à l'urgence selon les directives actuelles des ambulanciers et aucun diagnostic (3,2 %); 3) les patients qui ont besoin de diagnostics ou de soins à l'urgence en dehors des directives actuelles des ambulanciers (54,9 %); et 4) patients nécessitant une admission (34,1 %). CONCLUSION: Cette étude a révélé que 7,9 % des patients en SLD transportés à l'urgence n'ont pas reçu de diagnostic, de médicaments ou de traitement et, dans l'ensemble, 11,1 % des patients auraient pu être traités par des ambulanciers paramédicaux selon les directives médicales actuelles en utilisant les voies de traitement et d'aiguillage. Ce groupe pourrait potentiellement prendre de l'expansion en utilisant des ambulanciers paramédicaux communautaires avec des champs de pratique élargis.
Subject(s)
Emergency Medical Services , Emergency Medical Technicians , Adult , Humans , Paramedics , Long-Term Care , Paramedicine , Canada , Emergency Service, Hospital , HospitalsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Long-term care (LTC) patients do poorly when transported to emergency departments (ED). Community paramedic programs deliver enhanced care in their place of residence, yet few programs are reported in the literature. We conducted a national cross-sectional survey of land ambulance services to understand if such programs exist in Canada, and what the perceived needs and priorities are for future programs. METHODS: We emailed a 46 question survey to paramedic services across Canada. We asked about service characteristics, current ED diversion programs, existing diversion programs specific to LTC patients, priorities for future programs, the potential impact of such programs, and what the feasibility and barriers are to implementing programs that treat LTC patients on-site, avoiding an ED visit. RESULTS: We received responses from 50 sites across Canada, providing services to 73.5% of the total population. Almost a third (30.0%) had existing treat-and-refer programs, and 65.5% of services transported to destinations other than an ED. Almost all respondents (98.0%) felt the need for programs to treat LTC patients on-site, and 36.0% had existing programs. The top priorities for future programs were support for patients being discharged (30.6%), extended care paramedics (24.5%), and respiratory illness treat-in-place programs (20.4%). The highest potential impact was expected from support for patients being discharged (62.0%) and respiratory illness treat-in-place programs (54.0%). Required changes in legislation (36.0%) and required changes to the system of medical oversight (34.0%) were identified as top barriers to implementing such programs. CONCLUSION: There is a significant mismatch between the perceived need for community paramedic programs treating LTC patients on-site, and the number of programs in place. Programs could benefit from standardized outcome measurement and the publication of peer-reviewed evidence to guide future programs. Changes in legislation and medical oversight are needed to address the identified barriers to program implementation.
RéSUMé: INTRODUCTION: Les patients en soins de longue durée (SLD) se portent mal lorsqu'ils sont transportés aux services d'urgence (SU). Les programmes paramédicaux communautaires permettent de fournir des soins améliorés sur le lieu de résidence des patients, mais peu de programmes sont signalés dans la littérature. Nous avons mené une enquête transversale nationale auprès des services d'ambulance terrestre afin de déterminer si de tels programmes existent au Canada, et quels sont les besoins et les priorités perçus pour les programmes futurs. METHODS: Nous avons envoyé par courriel un sondage de 46 questions aux services paramédicaux partout au Canada. Nous avons posé des questions sur les caractéristiques des services, les programmes actuels de déjudiciarisation des urgences, les programmes de déjudiciarisation existants spécifiques aux patients en SLD, les priorités pour les programmes futurs, l'impact potentiel de ces programmes, et la faisabilité et les obstacles à la mise en Åuvre de programmes qui traitent les patients atteints de SLD sur place, évitant ainsi une visite aux urgences. RESULTS: Nous avons reçu des réponses de 50 sites à travers le Canada, fournissant des services à 73,5 % de la population totale. Près d'un tiers (30,0 %) disposent de programmes de traitement et d'orientation, et 65,5 % des services sont transportés vers des destinations autres que les urgences. Presque tous les répondants (98,0 %) ont ressenti le besoin de programmes pour traiter les patients en SLD sur place, et 36,0 % disposaient de programmes existants. Les principales priorités des futurs programmes étaient le soutien aux patients sortant (30,6 %), les ambulanciers paramédicaux en soins prolongés (24,5 %) et les programmes de traitement sur place des maladies respiratoires (20,4 %). L'impact potentiel le plus élevé était attendu du soutien aux patients en cours de sortie (62,0%) de l'hôpital et des programmes de traitement sur place des maladies respiratoires (54,0%). Les changements nécessaires dans la législation (36,0%) et dans le système de surveillance médicale (34,0%) ont été identifiés comme les principaux obstacles à la mise en Åuvre de tels programmes. CONCLUSION: Il existe un décalage important entre le besoin perçu de programmes paramédicaux communautaires pour traiter les patients en SLD sur place et le nombre de programmes en place. Les programmes pourraient bénéficier d'une mesure standardisée des résultats et de la publication de preuves évaluées par des pairs pour guider les futurs programmes. Des changements dans la législation et la surveillance médicale sont nécessaires pour éliminer les obstacles identifiés à la mise en Åuvre du programme.
Subject(s)
Emergency Medical Services , Emergency Medical Technicians , Humans , Long-Term Care , Paramedics , Allied Health Personnel , Cross-Sectional Studies , CanadaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients treated by paramedics for hypoglycemia, and to determine the predictors of hospital admission for these patients within 72 hours of the initial hypoglycemia event. METHODS: We performed a health record review of paramedic call reports and emergency department records over a 12-month period. We queried prehospital databases to identify cases, which included all patients ⩾18 years with prehospital glucose readings of <72 mg/dl (<4.0 mmol/L) and excluded terminally ill and cardiac arrest patients. We developed and piloted a standardized data collection tool and obtained consensus on all data definitions before initiation of data extraction by trained investigators. Data analyses included descriptive statistics univariate and logistic regression presented as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: There were 791 patients with the following characteristics: mean age 56.2, male 52.3%, type 1 diabetes 11.6%, on insulin 43.3%, median initial glucose 54.0 mg/dl (3.0 mmol/L), from home 56.4%. They were treated by advanced care paramedics 80.1%, received intravenous D50 37.8%, intramuscular glucagon 17.8%, oral complex carbs/protein 25.7%, and accepted transport to hospital 70.2%. Among those transported, 134 (24.3%) were initially admitted and four more were admitted within 72 hours. One patient was admitted, discharged, and admitted again within 72 hours. Patients without documented histories of diabetes (aOR 2.35, CI 1.13-4.86), with cardiovascular disease (aOR 1.81, CI 1.10-3.00), on corticosteroids (aOR 4.63, CI 2.15-9.96), on oral hypoglycemic agent(s) (aOR 1.92, CI 1.02-3.62), or those given glucagon (aOR 1.77, CI 1.07-2.93) on scene were more likely to be admitted to hospital, whereas patients on insulin (aOR 0.49, CI 0.27-0.91), able to tolerate complex oral carbs/protein (aOR 0.22, CI 0.10-0.48), with final GCS scores of 15 (aOR 0.53, CI 0.34-0.83), or from public locations (aOR 0.40, CI 0.21-0.75) were less likely to be admitted. CONCLUSIONS: There are several patient and prehospital management characteristics which, in combination, could be incorporated into a safe clinical decision tool for patients who present with hypoglycemia.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Emergency Medical Services , Hypoglycemia , Insulins , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Glucagon , Paramedics , Hypoglycemia/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Glucose , HospitalsABSTRACT
Background: The greatest impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada has been on long-term care facilities which have accounted for a large majority of the mortality seen in this country. We developed a clinical response team to perform mass assessment and provide support to long-term care facilities in Eastern Ontario with large outbreaks in the hope of reducing the impact of the outbreaks. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of all residents of LTC facilities supported by our multidisciplinary clinical response team. We collected data about the timing of the outbreak and our deployment, as well as the total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, and measured the correlation between the timing of our deployment and the observed mortality rate. Results: Our clinical team was deployed to 14 long-term care facilities, representing 719 cases and 243 deaths (mean ± standard error of mortality 34% ± 4%). Our team was deployed a mean ± standard error of 16 ± 2 days after the declaration of an outbreak. There was a significant correlation between an earlier deployment of our clinical team and a lower mortality rate for that outbreak (Pearson's r = 0.70, p < .01). Interpretation: This retrospective, uncontrolled study of a non-standardized intervention has many potential limitations. However, the data suggest that timely deployment of our clinical response team may improve outcomes in the event of a large outbreak. This clinical team may be useful in future pandemics.
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BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac death remains a leading cause of mortality in Canada, resulting in more than 35,000 deaths annually. Most cardiac arrest victims collapse in their own home (85% of the time) and 50% are witnessed by a family member or bystander. Survivors have a quality of life similar to the general population, but the overall survival rate for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) rarely exceeds 8%. Victims are almost four times more likely to survive when receiving bystander CPR, but bystander CPR rates have remained low in Canada over the past decade, not exceeding 15-25% until recently. Telecommunication-assisted CPR instructions have been shown to significantly increase bystander CPR rates, but agonal breathing may be misinterpreted as a sign of life by 9-1-1 callers and telecommunicators, and is responsible for as much as 50% of missed OHCA diagnoses. We sought to improve the ability and speed with which ambulance telecommunicators can recognize OHCA over the phone, initiate timely CPR instructions, and improve survival. METHODS: In this multi-center national study, we will implement and evaluate an educational program developed for ambulance telecommunicators using a multiple baseline interrupted time-series design. We will compare outcomes 12 months before and after the implementation of a 20-min theory-based educational video addressing barriers to recognition of OHCA while in the presence of agonal breathing. Participating Canadian sites demonstrated prior ability to collect standardized data on OHCA. Data will be collected from eligible 9-1-1 recordings, paramedic documentation and hospital medical records. Eligible cases will include suspected or confirmed OHCA of presumed cardiac origin in patients of any age with attempted resuscitation. DISCUSSION: The ability of telecommunication-assisted CPR instructions to improve bystander CPR and survival rates for OHCA victims is undeniable. The ability of telecommunicators to recognize OHCA over the phone is unequivocally impeded by relative lack of training on agonal breathing, and reluctance to initiate CPR instructions when in doubt. Our pilot data suggests the potential impact of this project will be to increase absolute OHCA recognition and bystander CPR rates by at least 10%, and absolute out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival by 5% or more. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospectively registered on March 28, 2019 at ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03894059 .
Subject(s)
Ambulances , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Emergency Medical Services , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest , Telecommunications , Canada , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/education , Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Humans , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Programs that seek to avoid emergency department (ED) visits from patients residing in long-term care facilities are increasing. We sought to identify existing programs where allied healthcare personnel are the primary providers of the intervention and, to evaluate their effectiveness and safety. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline, CINAHL and EMBASE with terms relating to long-term care, emergency services, hospitalization and allied health personnel. We reviewed 11,176 abstracts and included 22 studies in our narrative synthesis, which we grouped by intervention category. RESULTS: We found five categories of interventions including: 1) use of advanced practice nursing; 2) a program called Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers (INTERACT); 3) end-of-life care; 4) condition specific interventions; and 5) use of extended care paramedics. Among studies measuring that outcome, 13/13 reported a decrease in ED visits, and 16/17 reported a decrease hospitalization in the intervention groups. Patient adverse events such as functional status and relapse were seldom reported (6/22) as were measures of emergency system function such as crowding/inability of paramedics to transfer care to the ED (1/22). Only 4/22 studies evaluated patient mortality and 3/4 found a non-statistically significant worsening. CONCLUSION: We found five types of programs/interventions which all demonstrated a decrease in ED visits or hospitalization. However, most studies were observational and few assessed patient safety. Many identified programs focused on increased primary care for patients, and interventions addressing acute care issues, such as community paramedics, deserve more study.
Subject(s)
Emergency Medical Services , Emergency Medical Technicians , Allied Health Personnel , Emergency Service, Hospital , Humans , Long-Term CareABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In Ontario, Canada, there currently are no prehospital treat-and-release protocols and the safety of this practice remains unclear. We sought to describe the characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with hypoglycemia treated by paramedics, and to determine the predictors of repeat access to prehospital or emergency department (ED) care within 72 hours of initial paramedic assessment. METHODS: We performed a health record review of paramedic call reports and ED records over a 12-month period. We queried prehospital databases to identify cases, which included all adult patients (≥ 18 years) with a prehospital glucose reading of <72mg/dl (4.0mmol/L) and excluded terminally ill and cardiac arrest patients. We developed and piloted a standardized data collection tool and obtained consensus on all data definitions before initiation of data extraction by trained investigators. Data analyses include descriptive statistics with standard deviations, Chi-square, t-tests, and logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (AdjOR). RESULTS: There were 791 patients with the following characteristics: mean age 56.2, male 52.3%, known diabetic 61.6%, on insulin 46.1%, mean initial glucose 50.0 dl/mg (2.8 mmol/L), from home 56.3%. They were treated by an Advanced Care Paramedic 80.1%, received IV D50W 38.0%, IM glucagon 18.3%, PO complex carbs 26.6%, and accepted transport to hospital 69.4%. Of those transported, 134/556 (24.3%) were admitted and 9 (1.6%) died in the ED. Overall, 43 patients (5.4%) had repeat access to prehospital/ED care, among those, 8 (18.6%) were related to hypoglycemia. Patients on insulin were less likely to have repeat access to prehospital/ED care (AdjOR 0.4; 95%CI 0.2-0.9). This was not impacted by initial (or refusal of) transport (AdjOR 1.1; 95%CI 0.5-2.4). CONCLUSION: Although risk of repeat access to prehospital/ED care for patients with hypoglycemia exists, it was less common among patients taking insulin and was not predicted by an initial refusal of transport.
Subject(s)
Emergency Medical Services , Hypoglycemia/therapy , Patient Admission , Adult , Aged , Databases, Factual , Female , Humans , Hypoglycemia/diagnosis , Logistic Models , Male , Medical Audit , Middle Aged , Ontario , Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data , Retrospective Studies , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Older adults are more likely to access the emergency department, which suffers from overcrowding and congestion, for conditions that could potentially be treated in other settings. Older adults living in long-term care centers have access to healthcare resources in their residence, and several programs have been created with the intent of treating medical conditions on-site. The aim of this study is to identify and systematically review programs and interventions at long-term care centers that aim to treat patients on-site, avoiding unscheduled transportation to the emergency department. METHODS: We will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We will perform a comprehensive search of Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov , PROSPERO, and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials using a broad search strategy. Two independent reviewers will assess titles and abstracts against inclusion criteria, and we will further evaluate relevant full-text articles for inclusion. We will assess the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for included non-randomized studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials. We will present a narrative synthesis of results and complete a meta-analysis only if enough homogeneity is found. We will create funnel plots to evaluate possible reporting bias and use The Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to assess the confidence in cumulative evidence. DISCUSSION: As pressure on the healthcare system continues to rise, many areas are looking for alternative models of care. Several programs have been put in place in long-term care centers that seek to avoid transportation to the emergency department by providing enhanced care on-site. These programs are quite variable, and, to date, there is no standardized program or model of care. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO ( CRD42018091636 ).
Subject(s)
Allied Health Personnel , Emergency Medical Services/methods , Emergency Service, Hospital , Long-Term Care , Patient Admission/trends , Humans , Length of Stay/economics , Nursing Homes , Systematic Reviews as TopicABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: In the last several years, the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) has called for better reporting on prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) and has provided guidelines and tools for better systematic review. We sought to evaluate the success of prehospital, non-drug-assisted ETI performed by Ottawa advanced care paramedics (ACPs) based on those guidelines. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on ETI performed by Ottawa ACPs over a 25-month period to determine the overall success rate of ETI. To qualify our results, descriptive analysis was conducted on demographic data. The relationships between success rate, patient demographic data, and preintubation conditions were examined. RESULTS: Overall success rate of ACP prehospital, non-drug-assisted ETI was 82.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 79.6, 84.3), representing a decreased value in comparison with the 90.7% of the previous study (p < 0.001). The study population comprised 1,029 intubated patients, the majority being adults (98.4%), with a mean age of 65.4 years (standard deviation [SD] 18.4). ETIs were successful for 64.6% (95% CI: 61.7, 67.5) of the first attempts; 79% of successful intubations were achieved within two attempts. ETI achievement was correlated with patients' age, with patients designated as vital signs absent (VSA), with those having a preintervention Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3, and with those who were orally intubated (p < 0.05). Gender, weight, the nature (medical and trauma) of patient types, and locations of ambulance calls were found not to be related to the overall intubation success. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported the success rate of non-drug-assisted, prehospital ETI by ACPs in the Ottawa region. Our findings emphasize the importance of quality assessment for individual emergency medical services systems, to ensure optimum performance in ETI practice over time, and for intubation skill-retention training.
